Overview# I investigated cases where ImageMagick does not work properly when creating pyramidal TIFFs for IIIF image delivery.
References# Conversion methods are explained on pages like the following.
https://samvera.github.io/serverless-iiif/docs/source-images#creating-tiled-tiffs
Using the VIPS command line# # v # v i i F p F p & & o s o s & & r r t e v r a i a x i m f t p 3 f s r s t - s o a e c a u c t m h v r t i p a e c _ f _ n e b f i n s a s m e o i n a a l u m d v g r a e e s c g s . o e e o t v u _ u e r i w r m c m i c p e a t e _ g h _ i i e i m m . a m a a t n a g g i g e e f a e . l . v o p t u h i o t a f u p t u c t p t h e u _ a m t i n p _ m n _ i a e i m g l m a e a g . g e t e . i . t f v i f 0 - t - i - t l n i e l 3 e - \ p - y p r y a r m a i m d i d - c - o c m o p m r p e r s e s s i s o i n o n j p j e p g e g - t - i t l i e l - e w - i w d i t d h t h 2 5 2 6 5 6 - t - i t l i e l - e h - e h i e g i h g t h t 2 5 2 6 5 6 \ Using ImageMagick# c o n - - - ' v d d c p e e e o t r f f m i t i i p f n n r : s e e e o o s u u t t s t r i i p c f f j u e f f p t _ : : e _ i t g g i m i e m a l n \ a g e e g e - r e . g a . t e t t i o e i f m - f e p ' - t y a r r l y a p = m h 2 i a 5 d 6 s o x = f 2 t f 5 r 6 u e Target Data# The following image was used.
“Izumi no Kuni Ezu” (Map of Izumi Province), manuscript copy. National Diet Library Digital Collection https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/1286201 (accessed 2025-03-11)
https://dl.ndl.go.jp/api/iiif/1286201/R0000001/full/full/0/default.jpg
w g e t - O i n p u t . j p g h t t p s : / / d l . n d l . g o . j p / a p i / i i i f / 1 2 8 6 2 0 1 / R 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 / f u l l / f u l l / 0 / d e f a u l t . j p g
VIPS command line# Perform the conversion.
v i p s t i f f s a v e i n p u t . j p g o u t p u t _ v i p s . t i f - t i l e - p y r a m i d - c o m p r e s s i o n j p e g - t i l e - w i d t h 2 5 6 - t i l e - h e i g h t 2 5 6 Then verify the result with the following.
t = T = T = T = T = T = T = T i = I = I = I = I = I = I = I f = F I T R B S C P O S P J = F S I T R B C P O S P J = F S I T R B C P O S P J = F S I T R B C P O S P J = F S I T R B C P O S P J = F S I T R B C P O S P J = F S I T R B C P O S P J f F m i e i a o h r a l P F u m i e i o h r a l P F u m i e i o h r a l P F u m i e i o h r a l P F u m i e i o h r a l P F u m i e i o h r a l P F u m i e i o h r a l P i T a l s t m m o i m a E T b a l s t m o i m a E T b a l s t m o i m a E T b a l s t m o i m a E T b a l s t m o i m a E T b a l s t m o i m a E T b a l s t m o i m a E n I D g e o s p p t e p n G I D f g e o s p t e p n G I D f g e o s p t e p n G I D f g e o s p t e p n G I D f g e o s p t e p n G I D f g e o s p t e p n G I D f g e o s p t e p n G f F i e l / l r o n l a F i i e l / r o n l a F i i e l / r o n l a F i i e l / r o n l a F i i e l / r o n l a F i i e l / r o n l a F i i e l / r o n l a o F r W u S e e m t e r T F r l W u S e m t e r T F r l W u S e m t e r T F r l W u S e m t e r T F r l W u S e m t e r T F r l W u S e m t e r T F r l W u S e m t e r T e W i t a s e a s a e e W i t a s e a s a e e W i t a s e a s a e e W i t a s e a s a e e W i t a s e a s a e e W i t a s e a s a e e W i t a s e a s a o d c i d i m F s t t / C b d c i d i m s t t / C b d c i d i m s t t / C b d c i d i m s t t / C b d c i d i m s t t / C b d c i d i m s t t / C b d c i d i m s t t / C b u i t d t o p o i r i P o l i t T d t o p i r i P o l i t T d t o p i r i P o l i t T d t o p i r i P o l i t T d t o p i r i P o l i t T d t o p i r i P o l i t T d t o p i r i P o l t r o t h n l r o i o i n e r o y t h n l o i o i n e r o y t h n l o i o i n e r o y t h n l o i o i n e r o y t h n l o i o i n e r o y t h n l o i o i n e r o y t h n l o i o i n e p e r h : : e m n c n x f s e r p h : : e n c n x f s e r p h : : e n c n x f s e r p h : : e n c n x f s e r p h : : e n c n x f s e r p h : : e n c n x f s e r p h : : e n c n x f s u c y : : a : e i : c y e : : : e i : c y e : : : e i : c y e : : : e i : c y e : : : e i : c y e : : : e i : c y e : : : e i : t t 2 7 t S I l g t : 2 7 S I l g t : 2 7 S I l g t : 2 7 S I l g t : 2 7 S I l g t : 2 7 S I l g t : 2 7 S I l g _ o a 1 5 2 8 : c n r : u ( o a 6 5 2 8 c n r : u ( o a 3 5 2 8 c n r : u ( o a 1 5 2 8 c n r : u ( o a 8 5 2 8 c n r : u ( o a 4 5 2 8 c n r : u ( o a 2 5 2 8 c n r : u ( v r t 3 6 , h t o r 5 r t r 6 6 , h t o r 5 r t r 3 6 , h t o r 5 r t r 6 6 , h t o r 5 r t r 3 6 , h t o r 5 r t r 1 6 , h t o r 5 r t r 0 6 , h t o r 5 i y 3 u e e w 3 a 7 y e 5 e e w 3 a 7 y e 2 e e w 3 a 7 y e 6 e e w 3 a 7 y e 1 e e w 3 a 7 y e 5 e e w 3 a 7 y e 7 e e w 3 a 7 p o 0 T 7 n m r t 4 o d 0 T 7 m r t 4 o d 5 T 7 m r t 4 o d 2 T 7 m r t 4 o d T 7 m r t 4 o d T 7 m r t 4 o d T 7 m r t 4 s 0 f 0 i 2 s e p 0 i 1 f u i 2 e p 0 i 2 f u i 2 e p 0 i 3 f u i 2 e p 0 i 4 f u I i 2 e p 0 i 5 f u I i 2 e p 0 i 6 f u I i 2 e p 0 i . f l i : r o b f c I l : r o b f c I l : r o b f c I l : r o b f c m l : r o b f c m l : r o b f c m l : r o b t = s I e p g e t n y = s e m e p e t n y = s e m e p e t n y = s e m e p e t n y = s e a e p e t n y = s e a e p e t n y = s e a e p e t n y i = e m i n J t o : t = e d a i J t o : t = e d a i J t o : t = e d a i J t o : t = e d g i J t o : t = e d g i J t o : t = e d g i J t o : t f = t a L x e P a p e = t - g L x P a p e = t - g L x P a p e = t - g L x P a p e = t - e L x P a p e = t - e L x P a p e = t - e L x P a p e g e e d E t , s s r e e e E t , s s r e e e E t , s s r e e e E t , s s r e e E t , s s r e e E t , s s r e e E t , s s 0 e n l G i i ) 0 e n l G i i ) 0 e n l G i i ) 0 e n l G i i ) 0 e L n l G i i ) 0 e L n l G i i ) 0 e L n l G i i ) x g s i o c n x s L g s o c n x s L g s o c n x s L g s o c n x s e g s o c n x s e g s o c n x s e g s o c n 9 L t / n n o g c o e t / n o g d o e t / n o g d o e t / n o g d o n t / n o g d o n t / n o g d o n t / n o g 6 e h i t : l l 8 l n h i : l l 7 l n h i : l l b l n h i : l l c l g h i : l l c l g h i : l l c l g h i : l l 2 n : n e e d u g : n e 4 u g : n e 5 u g : n e 7 u t : n e c u t : n e e u t : n e 9 g c g Y 0 4 t t c Y 0 7 t t c Y 0 2 t t c Y 0 2 t h c Y 0 a t h c Y 0 6 t h c Y 0 0 t 2 h e C i 6 i h 2 h C i 1 i h 2 h C i 2 i h 2 h C i c i : 2 h C i 7 i : 2 h C i 2 i : 2 h C i 8 h 5 r b l m 8 o : 5 b l m 0 o : 5 b l m 8 o : 5 b l m 4 o 5 b l m 6 o 5 b l m a o 5 b l m : 6 C h a n 6 C h a n 6 C h a n 6 C h a n 6 6 C h a n 3 6 C h a n 1 6 C h a ( r s g ( 5 r s g ( 2 r s g ( 1 r s g ( 5 r s g ( 2 r s g ( 6 r s g 9 1 e 1 i 2 e 1 i 6 e 1 i 3 e 1 i 0 e 1 i 5 e 1 i 2 e 8 0 3 m 0 4 m 0 4 m 0 4 m 4 m 4 m 4 4 p 1 a 0 p 1 a 0 p 3 a 0 p 4 a p 4 a p 4 a p 0 0 l 6 g l 0 g l 7 g l 4 g l 6 g l 7 g l 9 0 a 1 e a 8 e a 3 e a 7 e a 9 e a 6 e a 0 n 5 n 4 n 4 n 3 n 7 n 8 n 4 e 7 ( e 3 ( e 1 ( e 0 ( e 5 ( e 4 ( e ) 6 1 2 1 6 1 0 1 0 1 2 1 ) ) ) ) ) ) = = = = = = 0 0 0 0 0 0 x x x x x x 1 1 1 1 1 1 ) ) ) ) ) )
Multiple TIFF directories (layers) exist, and it appears to have been properly created as a pyramidal TIFF (multi-resolution TIFF).
ImageMagick# Perform the conversion.
c o n - - - ' v d d c p e e e o t r f f m i t i i p f n n r : i e e e o n s u p t t s t u i i p t f f j u . f f p t j : : e _ p t g g c g i e o l n \ n - e e a - r e l g a r p e t t h o e . a m - t e p i o t y f f r r ' f y a = m \ 2 i 5 d 6 s x = 2 t 5 r 6 u e Then verify the result with the following.
t = T i = I f = F I T B C P F O S P P W P J f F m i i o h i r a l a h r P i T a l t m o l i m a g i i E n I D g e s p t l e p n e t m G f F i e / r o O n l a e a o F r W S e m r t e r N r T e W i a s e d a s u P y a o d c i d m s t e t / C m o C b u i t d t p i r r i P o b i h l t r o t h l o i : o i n e n r e p e r h : e n c n x f r t o s u c y : : m : e i : : m : t t 2 S I s l g a _ o a 1 5 8 c n b r : u 0 0 t ( c r t 3 6 h t - o r - . i 2 o y 3 e e t w 3 a 1 3 c 8 n o 0 T m r o t 1 i 9 v 0 f 0 i e p - 0 i 2 t e f l : r l o 7 i b r = s I e e s t n - e y t = e m J t b o : 0 s t . = t a L P a p . : e t g e E t , s 3 s i 0 e n G i i 2 0 ) f x g o c n 9 . 1 L t n o g 6 9 e h : l l 4 8 n : e 0 9 g R 0 0 f t 2 G i 0 4 h 5 B l m 0 6 : 6 h a , c s g 0 ( 1 o e . 2 0 l 3 6 4 o p 3 7 0 r l 0 7 0 a 0 9 n 0 4 e 0 6 , 2 0 ) . 3 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 . 6 0 0 0 0 0 , 0 . 1 5 0 0 0 0 , 0 . 0 6 0 0 0 0
Only TIFF directory 0 exists, indicating that it is very likely not a pyramidal TIFF (multi-resolution TIFF).
Summary# The results seem to vary depending on the ImageMagick version, but we were able to confirm cases where pyramidal TIFFs cannot be created.
I was not able to identify the specific cause, but it appears necessary to consider using VIPS or other tools instead.
This is somewhat incomplete information, but I hope it serves as a helpful reference.
