Overview
Two-factor authentication is becoming mandatory on PyPI.
https://blog.pypi.org/posts/2023-05-25-securing-pypi-with-2fa/
After setting up two-factor authentication and attempting to upload, the following error occurred.
Solution
I had ~/.pypirc configured as follows.
Changing it to the following resolved the error. The API token can be created in the PyPI account settings page.
Summary
In my case, I needed to change from the method described at the following page when using nbdev.
https://nbdev.fast.ai/tutorials/tutorial.html#upload-to-pypi
Whether or not you are using nbdev, I hope this serves as a useful reference for anyone experiencing the same issue.